Accommodating intraocular lens and methods of use

ABSTRACT

An accommodating intraocular lens, for use in an eye, is made from flexible, optionally elastic, bio-compatible lens body material surrounding a s closed and sealed lens cavity which is filled with bio-compatible optical liquid, optionally a gel. The optical liquid has a refractive index sufficiently high to, in cooperation with the ciliary muscle, focus light, incident on the eye, on the retina, and to provide accommodation. The curvature of the front surface of the lens is deformable, by the pressure expressed by the ciliary body during the to accommodative effort, thus to change the radius of curvature of the anterior body member and/or the posterior body member, thus providing smooth focusing, including from far distance in the relaxed state to near distance of less than 50 centimeters in the accommodative state.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to manufactured intraocular lenses andmore particularly to novel accommodating intraocular lenses forimplantation in the eye specifically within the capsular bag, or in theciliary sulcus, of the eye from which the natural lens matrix has beenremoved. The invention also relates to a novel method of utilizing theintraocular lenses in the eye to provide the patient with lensaccommodation capability, responsive to normal accommodative ciliarymuscle action.

The human eye has an anterior chamber between the cornea and the iris,and a posterior chamber behind the iris, which contains a naturalcrystalline lens. A vitreous chamber behind the lens contains vitreoushumor. A retina is located to the rear of the vitreous chamber. Thecrystalline lens of a normal human eye is defined by a crystalline lensmatrix, which is enclosed in a lens capsule. The lens capsule isattached about its periphery to the ciliary muscle of the eye byzonules. The lens capsule has elastic, optically clear, anterior andposterior membrane-like walls commonly referred by ophthalmologists asanterior and posterior capsules, respectively. Between the iris andciliary muscle is an annular crevice-like space called the ciliarysulcus.

The human eye possesses natural accommodation capability. Accommodationrefers to an optical function in which the lens can focus naturally,from a far distance, to a relatively near distance e.g. within a fewcentimeters of the eye. Natural accommodation involves relaxation andconstriction of the ciliary muscle, as instructed by the brain, toprovide the eye with near and distant vision. This ciliary muscle actionis automatic, as instructed by the brain, and shapes the naturalcrystalline lens to the appropriate optical configuration for focusing,on the retina, the light rays entering the eye from the scene beingviewed. It is well known that there is a relentless loss of this nearfocusing ability in middle age. Such condition can be treated withbi-focal or tri-focal glasses or contact lenses.

The human eye is also subject to a variety of other physiologicaldisorders, which can degrade, or totally destroy, the ability of the eyeto function properly. One of the more common of these disorders involvesprogressive clouding of the natural crystalline lens matrix resulting inthe formation of what is commonly referred to as a cataract. It is nowcommon practice to treat a cataract by surgically removing thecataractous human crystalline lens and, in a second step of the samesurgical procedure, implanting an artificial intraocular lens in the eyeto replace the natural lens.

Thus, if the natural lens becomes cloudy, as with a cataract condition,the natural lens is removed by an extraction procedure which leavesintact, within the eye, the posterior portion of the natural lenscapsule, and at least a remnant of the anterior portion of the naturallens capsule. The removed natural lens is replaced with a manufacturedintraocular lens. If the replacement lens is a mono-focal lens, thecloudiness may have been effectively treated, but the inability toadjust focal length will not have been treated, whereby glasses orcontact lenses are still required for proper vision.

Monofocal lenses focus at one set focal length in front of the eye, forexample either at far distance such as greater than 6 meters, or at alesser distance nearer the eye. The human eye with its own natural lenscan change shape, thereby to focus naturally at all such distances, butgradually loses this ability, to change shape, as the natural lenshardens with age. The ability of the natural lens, to change shape as sourged by the contraction of the ciliary muscle, thus to change focallength of the eye, whereby the eye can focus at any of a range ofdistances, is completely lost after cataract surgery when themanufactured replacement lens is a monofocal lens.

Newer designs of conventional manufactured intraocular lenses offerdiffering solutions to this problem of loss of accommodation. One suchdesign is a lens which has a single posteriorly placed optic and hingedhaptics, which enables the lens to translate forward with the pressurerise in the vitreous chamber, which pressure rise accompaniesaccommodation as signaled from the brain. The limitation of this designis that the maximum accommodation enabled by lens translation istypically only about 1.5 diopters for a 1 mm anterior translation of thelens. While a 1 mm translation is typical, modest differences intranslation capability attend respective different eyes. Thus, actualdiopter achievements depend both on the power of the intraocular lens,and the axial length of the eye.

Another relatively newer conventional manufactured intraocular lensdesign uses two lenses, which are hinged, or otherwise connected,together and implanted inside the natural lens capsular bag. Theanterior manufactured lens has e.g. high plus power, while the posteriormanufactured lens has a negative power. When the two lenses separateunder accommodative tension, the anterior lens moves forward and theposterior lens moves backward, achieving a relatively higher calculatedaccommodation, which is less dependent on intraocular lens powers and/oraxial lengths of the eye.

Yet another conventional intraocular lens design provides multiple lenselements or components in side-by-side relationship, in a single lensbody, the respective side-by-side lens elements having different, butfixed, refractive powers.

Still another conventional intraocular lens design provides anintraocular lens which consists of a flexible transparent lens envelopefilled with a transparent fluid. The envelope is attached to the ciliarymuscle by means of a fastening fringe, which is in turn anchored to thelens envelope. The ciliary muscle acts as it does on the natural lens.Thus, when the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens becomes morespherical, and thus achieves a greater refractory power. When theciliary muscle elongates, tension is exerted on the envelope, andflattens the envelope, reducing refracting power, which accommodates farvision.

SUMMARY

The current invention comprehends an accommodating intraocular lens madefrom flexible, optionally elastic, bio-compatible lens body materialsurrounding a closed and sealed lens cavity which is filled withbio-compatible optical liquid, such as a gel, or an oil-based opticalcomposition, which has a refractive index sufficiently greater than therefractive index of the vitreous humor in the eye, that changes in shapeof the optical liquid satisfy the optical requirements for achievingaccurate and accommodative focus on the retina, while being sufficientlydeformable to change the curvature of the anterior and/or the posteriorintraocular lens surfaces to allow accommodation—near focus—to occur asin the natural state for the youthful eye, by operation of the opticalliquid in the cavity in accord with the change in curvature of theanterior and/or posterior surfaces of the optical liquid.

Namely, change in radius of curvature in the lens body automaticallychanges the corresponding radius of curvature of the effective surfaceof the contained optical liquid which is at the respective locationadjacent the lens body in the lens cavity. The refractive index of theoptical liquid in the lens cavity is greater than the refractive indexof the vitreous humor, which is approximately equal to the refractiveindex of water, which is namely about 1.33. A suitable refractive indexfor the optical liquid in the cavity is about 1.40. An exemplarysuitable composition for the optical composition, having such suitablerefractive index, is optical grade silicone oil, alternativelyhyaluronic acid, or its ester, with suitable additives for providing thedesired physical properties such as viscosity.

A first family of embodiments of lenses of the invention comprehends anaccommodating intraocular lens, comprising a bio-compatible optical lensbody having an anterior body member and a posterior body member, joinedto each other. The optical lens body defines a vision axis, and anoptical lens body outer perimeter which extends about the vision axis.At least one of the anterior body member and the posterior body memberhas a convex radius of curvature, which has an origin on the visionaxis. The lens further comprises a closed and sealed cavity in the lensbody, extending generally outwardly away from the vision axis. The lensstill further comprises a bio-compatible liquid filling the cavity, theliquid having a refractive index greater than the refractive index ofwater, and connecting structure attached to the optical lens body at oradjacent the outer perimeter of the optical lens body. The connectingstructure is effective to interface with a ciliary muscle, and totransmit forces, exerted by the ciliary muscle, related to contractionor relaxation of the ciliary muscle, on the connecting structure, to theoptical lens body at or adjacent the outer perimeter of the lens body,thereby to cause the force so received by the lens body to effect changein radius of curvature of at least one of the anterior body member andthe posterior body member.

In some embodiments, the connecting structure comprises a flange whichextends outwardly from the outer perimeter of the lens body, away fromthe vision axis, the flange having sufficient rigidity to transmitforces, exerted by the ciliary muscle, which urge reduction in length ofthe outer perimeter of the optical lens body, to the outer perimeter ofthe optical lens body.

In some embodiments, the anterior body member has convex outer and innersurfaces, and the posterior body member has a planar or concave orotherwise recessed inner surface.

In some embodiments, the posterior body member is more rigid than theanterior body member, whereby imposition of an inwardly-directed forceagainst an outer edge of the flange results in deflection of theanterior body member in preference to deflection of the posterior bodymember.

In some embodiments, the anterior body member has inner and outersurfaces, the outer surface defines a convex configuration, the innersurface has a corresponding convex configuration which follows theconfiguration of the outer surface, and the inner and outer surfacesoptionally are defined by compound radii of curvature when trackedthrough the vision axis.

In some embodiments, each of the inner and outer surfaces is defined bya single center of rotation located on the vision axis.

In some embodiments, at least one of the inner and outer surfaces isdefined by multiple centers of rotation.

In some embodiments both the anterior body member and the posterior bodymember have convex inner surfaces.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the anterior body member andthe posterior body member are selected from the group consisting ofoptical grade silicone, polymerized collagen, optical elastic acrylicpolymer, collamer, and combinations of collamer and hydroxyethylmethacrylate.

In some embodiments, the composition of the bio-compatible fillingliquid is selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, hyaluronicacid, and salts of hyaluronic acid.

In some embodiments, the filing liquid has a refractive index of atleast 1.35, and is optionally birefringent.

In some embodiments, the filing liquid has a refractive index of atleast 1.40.

In a second family of embodiments, the invention comprehends a method ofproviding focal length adjustment in an eye of a patient in need of areplacement intraocular lens. The method comprises installing in the eyean accommodating intraocular lens, which comprises a bio-compatibleoptical lens body having an anterior body member and a posterior bodymember, joined to each other, the optical lens body defining a visionaxis, and an optical lens body outer perimeter which extends about thevision axis, at least one of the anterior body member and the posteriorbody member having a radius of curvature having an origin on the visionaxis, a closed and sealed cavity in the lens body, extending generallyoutwardly away from the vision axis, and a bio-compatible liquid,filling the cavity, the liquid having a refractive index greater thanthe refractive index of water. The method further comprises interfacingconnecting structure of the intraocular lens, such as a flange, to aciliary muscle of the patient such that the connecting structure iseffective to receive change in forces accompanying change in musclecontraction or relaxation, and to transmit such change in forces to theoptical lens body at or adjacent the outer perimeter of the optical lensbody, thereby to cause the force changes so received by the lens body toeffect change in radius of curvature of at least one of the anteriorbody member and the posterior body member.

In some embodiments, the eye of the patient has a natural lens capsule,having a circumferential outer edge, the connecting structure of thelens comprises a flange extending from the outer perimeter of the lensbody, the flange has sufficient rigidity to transmit, to the lens body,forces exerted by the ciliary muscle, on the natural lens capsule, whichurge reduction in length of the outer perimeter of the optical lensbody. The corresponding method comprises installing the intraocular lenssuch that the outer edge of the flange is inside the lens capsule, andadjacent the outer edge of the lens capsule, such that the flange issensitive to activity of the ciliary muscle, and transmits the changeforces to the optical lens body, thereby to provide focal lengthaccommodation.

In some embodiments, the posterior body member is rigid relative to theanterior body member, such that changes in the radius of curvature ofthe anterior body member, by flexure of the anterior body member, causeschanges, in focal length of the liquid filling, which are substantiallygreater than any changes in focal length caused by flexure of theposterior body member.

In some embodiments, the eye of the patient comprises a sulcus, and themethod further comprises positioning the outer edge of the flange in thesulcus.

In some embodiments, both the anterior lens body and the posterior lensbody define convex inner and outer surfaces, and respond to flexure ofthe ciliary muscle with similar changes in radius of curvature.

In some embodiments, inner and outer surfaces of the at least one convexbody member having substantially the same radii of curvature.

In a third family of embodiments, the invention comprehends anaccommodating intraocular lens, comprising a bio-compatible optical lensbody having an anterior body member and a posterior body member, joinedto each other, the optical lens body defining a vision axis, and anoptical lens body outer perimeter which extends about the vision axis,at least one of the anterior body member and the posterior body memberhaving a radius of curvature having an origin on the vision axis; thejoinder of the anterior lens body member and the posterior lens bodymember defining a cavity therebetween, in the lens body, the cavityextending generally outwardly away from the vision axis; one or morecompressible struts in the cavity, extending between the anterior lensbody member and the posterior lens body member, the one or more strutsbeing displaced from the vision axis, and being configured to flex awayfrom the vision axis when compressed; and a bio-compatible liquidfilling in the cavity, the liquid having a refractive index greater thanthe refractive index of water.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a generally front pictorial view of a first embodiment of alens of the invention.

FIG. 2 shows a front view of the lens of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a side cross-section view of the lens of FIGS. 1 and 2,taken at 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 shows a rear pictorial view of the lens of FIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 5 is a cross-section view illustrating the lens of FIGS. 1-4implanted in an eye.

FIG. 6 shows a cross-section view of a second embodiment of lenses ofthe invention.

FIG. 7 shows a cross-section view of a third embodiment of lenses of theinvention.

FIG. 8 is a cross-section view illustrating the embodiment of FIG. 7,implanted in an eye.

FIG. 9 shows a cross-section view of a fourth embodiment of lenses ofthe invention.

FIGS. 10-11 show expanded representations of the mathematical matricesdiscussed in Langenbucher.

The invention is not limited in its application to the details ofconstruction or the arrangement of the components set forth in thefollowing description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention iscapable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out inother various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the terminologyand phraseology employed herein is for purpose of description andillustration and should not be regarded as limiting. Like referencenumerals are used to indicate like components.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS

A first family of embodiments of accommodating intraocular lenses 10 ofthe invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1-4. FIG. 5 shows an exemplarysuch lens implanted in an eye.

Lens 10 includes a lens body 12, and first and second flanges 14. Lensbody 12 includes a convex anterior body member 16 and a generally planarposterior body member 18. Anterior body member 16 has an inner surface20 and an outer surface 22. Posterior body member 18 has an innersurface 24 and an outer surface 26. Anterior body member 16 andposterior body member 18 are joined to each other at an outer perimeter27 of the lens body.

A vision axis 28 extends through the lens body, generally centered withrespect to outer perimeter 27 of the lens body. Vision axis 28 generallypasses through the apex of the convex arc which is defined by anteriorbody member 16, and also passes through the center of the posterior bodymember. Thus vision axis 28 is generally centered on the lens body, andpasses front-to-rear through the lens body, as through the center of theanterior body member and the center of the posterior body member.

As illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, and 4, flanges 14 are connected to thelens body at outer perimeter 27, at opposing sides of the lens body, andextend from the lens body in opposing directions which are generallyperpendicular to the direction of extension of the vision axis or at asmall angle to such perpendicular, e.g. no more than 10 degrees.

Between the anterior body member and the posterior body member is aclosed and sealed cavity 30 which is generally defined by the innersurfaces 20, 24 of the anterior body member and the posterior bodymember. In the illustrated embodiment, cavity 30 has a cross-sectionwhich is generally constant, or nearly constant, when turned about thevision axis. Given the shapes of the inner surfaces of the anterior andposterior body members, cavity 30 has a cross-section which generallyresembles a hemisphere.

As illustrated in FIG. 3, a cross-section of the arcuate inner surfaceof anterior body member 16 generally resembles a circular configuration.However, as is well illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7, an arcuate innersurface of either or both of anterior body member 16 or posterior bodymember 18 can deviate substantially from a true circular, e.g.hemispherical path. Both FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate compound arcuate pathswhere the radii of curvature change along the progression of the arcuatepath of the respective inner surface 20 or 24. However, in typicalembodiments, a cross-section of the lens body reveals symmetry of thearcuate inner surface with respect to the vision axis.

Referring to FIG. 3, the configuration of the arcuate path of innersurface 20 is the same as the configuration of the arcuate path of outersurface 22, off-set in that the origins of the arc segments in innersurface 20 are displaced along vision axis 28 from the origins of thearc segments in outer surface 22. Accordingly, and as illustrated inFIG. 3, the thickness of the anterior body member is represented byrelatively greater dimensions at locations proximate the vision axis andis represented by relatively lesser dimensions at portions 37 of theanterior body member which are remote from the vision axis.

The thickness of the posterior body member is generally constant, and isgenerally greater than the thickness of the anterior body member, aboutthe majority of the projected area of the posterior body member, namelyall of the posterior body member except that portion 36 of the posteriorbody member which is remote from the vision axis.

The lens body can be made from material which comprises, for example andwithout limitation, a silicone composition such as is known for use inintraocular lenses. Such silicone composition is resiliently elastic andcompressible, but retains good restorative dimensional memory. Othershell membrane materials can be used such as, for example and withoutlimitation, polymerized collagen (Collamer, manufactured by StaarSurgical, Inc.), Monrovia, Calif., elastic acrylic polymers,combinations of collamer and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and other clear,e.g. transparent, flexible bio-compatible materials well known in theart as being suitable for use in optical applications.

Cavity 30 is filled with optical liquid 38. Liquid 38 is a viscousliquid which, in one embodiment of the invention can be silicone oilwhich has a refractive index of 1.4034, e.g. about 1.40, which materialis known for use to fill the vitreous cavity in certain cases of retinaldetachment and so is known to be bio-compatible. Optical liquid 38 doesnot contact the natural bio-intraocular structures of the eye, as theoil is enclosed entirely within the closed and sealed cavity 30 of theflexible lens body.

Other bio-compatible viscous materials, which can be used as the opticalliquid, include chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid and its hyaluronatesalts, optionally mixed with e.g. saline solution, to obtain fairlyprecise desired refractive indices such as at or above 1.4. A variety ofother viscous gels having suitable refractive index, can be used. Anysuch gel must be visually transparent, must have a refractive indexgreater than the refractive index of water, e.g. above about 1.33, andmust be bio-compatible with respect to the use environment. Given theserather broad parameters, a substantial range of material compositionsare acceptable as the contained interior substance.

The viscosity of optical liquid 38 is substantially greater than theviscosity of water, but liquid 38 must be sufficiently pliable to easilyconform to any changes in curvature of the adjacent body member whichmay be urged on the lens body. In general, optical liquid 38 reflectsthe character of a gel, while being readily deformable when so urged bythe anterior body member and/or the posterior body member. Accordingly,liquid 38 typically has a viscosity of about 4000 millipoise to about7,000,000 millipoise, optionally about 30,000 to about 3,000,000millipoise. One known acceptable gel has a stated viscosity of 30,000 to50,000 centistokes (cSt). The viscosity can, of course, be adjusted byincorporation, in the optical liquid, of viscosity change agents knownto those skilled in the gel arts.

Optical liquid 38 can also have the quality of circular or orthogonalbirefringence. Birefringence is the quality of materials wherein lightof certain polarities, either orthogonal as in traditional polarizinglenses, or circular polarity, has two refractive indices. Suchbirefringence can be obtained by mixing two materials having thedifferent, e.g. refringent indices. Example of such mixture is a mixtureof dextro-rotary and levo-rotary biologic sugars and/or amino acids. Solong as the two refractive indices differ by a significant amount, thelens is birefringent, and thus bifocal. Such lens focuses light of onepolarity at a relatively greater distance, and light of a differentpolarity at lesser distances. Such birefringence increases the bifocaleffect of the lens, but is not essential for lens function in thisinvention.

Lens body 12 can be fabricated with cavity 30 being empty. A sealablevalve is assembled to the lens body, out of the line of sight of theeye, thus away from vision axis 28. The gel is filled into cavity 30through the resealable valve.

The function of the lens, as an accommodating lens in this invention,depends primarily on the change in the arcuate shape of the lens body,which change occurs as an act of accommodation. The change in shape isprovided by the combination of flexing of the shell material e.g.anterior body member 16, and fluidity of optical liquid 38 in responseto an action of the ciliary muscle.

FIG. 5 illustrates the lens of FIGS. 1-4 installed in a human eye 40, itbeing understood that lenses of the invention can also be installed inthe eyes of various animal species. As illustrated in FIG. 5, thenatural lens has been removed, such as in a cataract surgery.

The natural capsular bag 42, which previously enclosed the natural lensis largely in place, though part of the anterior portion of the naturalbag has been removed in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5.

Lens 10 is positioned such that distal edges 44 of flanges 14 aredisposed against the inner surface 46 of the outer perimeter 48 of thecapsule bag. The capsule bag remains attached to the ciliary muscle 50through zonules 52. However, flanges 14, in the embodiment illustrated,are of sufficient length that the flanges expand the outer perimeter ofthe capsule bag such that the outer perimeter of the bag is proximatethe ciliary muscle. Accordingly, even modest contraction of the ciliarymuscle is effective to push against the distal edges of flanges 14.

Lens 10 generally works as follows. When the eye tries to focus on anear object, the ciliary muscle 50, illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 8,contracts inward, pushing inward on the lens zonules, and on the outerperimeter 48 of the capsule bag, while also raising pressure in thevitreous gel behind the lens. The centripetal force of the contractingciliary muscle is transmitted inwardly, through the capsule bag to thedistal edges of flanges 14, and through flanges 14 toward the visionaxis, thus to reduce the e.g. diameter of outer perimeter 27 of the lensbody. As the size of the outer perimeter of the lens body decreases, themaximum diameter of the anterior body member correspondingly decreases.The anterior body member is fabricated, in the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1-5, to be more readily flexed than the posterior body member.Accordingly, a disproportionate share of the flexing, which is imposedby the ciliary muscle on flanges 14, is absorbed by the anterior bodymember. The physical response of the anterior body member is expressedas an inward flexing of the remote portions 37 of the anterior bodymember, e.g. adjacent the outer perimeter of the lens body.

The inward flexing of the anterior body member at the outer perimeter isaccompanied by generally reduced radius of curvature of anterior bodymember 16 as the anterior body member flexes to accommodate thereduction in diameter of the lens body at outer perimeter 27. Suchreduction in radius of curvature of the anterior body member urges acorresponding change in the curvature of the surface of optical liquid38 which is disposed at the inner surface of the anterior body member.Such resulting change in the configuration of optical liquid 38generates a change in the focal length of the lens. Such change inoptical radius of curvature of the working optics, in this case opticalliquid 38, changes the focal point of the lens in a multiplicativefashion, via Snell's law, wherein

Power=(Difference in Indices)/(Radius of Curvature).

Lens assemblies which rely on linear e.g. translational, movement of afirst lens body with respect to a second lens body, or simply movementof a lens body along the vision axis, to provide for change in focallength, rely on a linear relationship between the distance of movementof the lens body and the change in focal length.

By contrast, substantially greater multiplicative changes in focallength can be achieved by using the ciliary muscle to change primarilycurvature of the lens rather than to cause primarily translationmovement of the lens surfaces as in the conventional art. Thus, wherechange in focal length according to translational movement of the lenssurfaces by action of the ciliary muscle is limited to about 1.5diopters for a 1 mm translation of a lens, change in curvature of lensesof the invention, responsive to the same action of the ciliary muscle,can provide up to about 3.5 diopters change, optionally up to about 3diopters change, further optionally up to about 2.5 diopters change,depending on the starting arcuate profile of the lens. The lens can, ofcourse, be designed to deliver lesser degrees of change, such as up toabout 2.0 diopters, or less, as desired.

FIG. 6 illustrates a second embodiment of accommodating intraocularlenses of the invention. In the lens of FIG. 6, anterior body member 16is convex as in the embodiment of FIGS. 1-5, thus to provide basis forefficient change in focal length with change in activity of the ciliarymuscle. Posterior body member 18 is, contrary to the embodiment of FIGS.1-5, mildly concave, or recessed planar as shown, so as to accommodatee.g. a bulging profile on the vitreous humor, or where the depth of thelens cavity, between the vitreous cavity and the natural iris 54 isinsufficient to properly receive a lens which is configured as in FIGS.1-5 where the posterior body member is planar, and not recessed. As inthe embodiments of FIGS. 1-5, both anterior body member 16 and posteriorbody member 18 are shown to be symmetrical with respect to the visionaxis.

FIGS. 7 and 8 show another modified version of the lenses of FIGS. 1-6.The lens of FIGS. 7 and 8 have flanges 14 which are designed to fitdirectly into the ciliary sulcus 54, e.g. directly against the ciliarymuscle. In the assembly shown in FIG. 8, flanges 14 are outside, e.g. infront of, the capsular bag, and in direct contact with the contractingciliary muscle 50. Contraction of muscle 50 applies force directly ontoflanges 14. Flanges 14 transmit the forces to lens body 12, thusdirectly compressing the lens body at outer perimeter 27 of the lensbody.

Such compressing of the lens body at outer perimeter 27 shortens theradii of curvature of both the anterior body member and the posteriorbody member, and achieves a high degree of accommodation, potentiallyhigher than any accommodation which would accompany a correspondingmuscle contraction in connection with a lens of FIGS. 1-5, or FIG. 6.

Such increase in degree of accommodation results from the fact that bothof body members 16 and 18 are convex. Namely, the convex nature ofliquid 38 is established at the inner surface of the anterior bodymember as well as at the inner surface of the posterior body member.With convex curvature at both the anterior surface of liquid 38 and atthe posterior surface of liquid 38, light rays incident on the lens aretreated to both a first anterior focal length adjustment, and to asecond posterior focal length adjustment.

In general, placing flanges 14 in the sulcus is less preferred thanplacing the flanges in the capsule bag. However, in some instances, thelenses of FIGS. 1-6, wherein only the anterior body member is convex,are deficient in terms of the diopter adjustment which can be achieved.

Where greater diopter power is required, the double-convex lens of FIG.7 is available to provide such optical power. However, where thedouble-convex lens of FIG. 7 is selected, it is quite possible that thefront-to-back distance, between the vitreous chamber and generally up tothe iris of the eye, may be too small to receive the front-to-backdimension of the lens of FIG. 7. In such instance, flanges 14 arepositioned relatively frontwardly in the lens cavity, and are positionedin the sulcus, in order that the back of the lens body be in front of,e.g. displaced from, the vitreous chamber, as illustrated in FIG. 8. Asillustrated in FIG. 8, in such instance, the front of the lens mayextend frontwardly of the natural iris 56.

Still referring to the embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 8, compressing one orboth of the body members 16, 18, at outer perimeter 27, shortens theradius of curvature of the anterior body member and the posterior bodymember, both generally about vision axis 28, whereby the shape of thelens is reconfigured more toward a spherical shape.

The forces of ciliary contraction during accommodation may not transmitdirectly through zonules 52 to the capsular bag. The zonules are a loosenetwork of fibers, and so the zonules might slacken when the ciliarybody contracts. The exact mechanism of operation of zonules is still notfully settled among ophthalmologists and physiologists.

FIG. 9 shows, as a further embodiment, a relatively larger lens, whichfits snugly within the capsular bag. This lens has anterior 16 andposterior 18 body members enclosing viscous optical liquid 38, but isdevoid of flanges 14. Inside the lens body are first and second struts58. Struts 58 can optionally extend 360 degrees around vision axis 28,either intermittently, or as a single continuous strut body, on theinterior of the shell. Struts 58 are resiliently compressedfront-to-rear when the ciliary muscle is relaxed, and in thenon-accommodating state. As the ciliary muscle contracts, therestorative forces in struts 58 push the anterior and posterior bodymembers away from each other, front-to-rear, thus to accommodate nearvision. The design of the strut allows the strut to bend only outward,away from vision axis 28. This action, of pushing the anterior andposterior body members away from each other, shortens the radius ofcurvature of e.g. the anterior body member in a fashion similar tonatural shortening of the radius of curvature, accommodation, in anatural lens. In some embodiments, posterior body member 18 can have anoutwardly convex arcuate configuration as illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8.In some embodiments, both the anterior body member and the posteriorbody member have outwardly convex arcuate configurations.

Calculations of the needed curvatures of the anterior and posterioroptical surfaces of the anterior 16 and posterior 18 body members, toenable focusing of light at distance when the eye is in a relaxed statecan be realized using the matrix system of optical calculations whichare described, for example, by Langenbucher et al in Ophthal. Phyisol.Opt. 2004 24:450-457, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In all of the lens embodiments of FIGS. 1-9, the outer body members 16and 18 are thinnest at or adjacent outer perimeter 27 of lens body 12,optionally proximate flange 14 in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-8. Forcesfrom the ciliary muscle are transferred through flanges 14 to bodymembers 16, 18. Given the relatively thinner portions of the bodymembers proximate flanges 14, the body members flex to a greater extentproximate flanges 14 than farther away from the flanges, and therebyshorten the radius of curvature of the optical surfaces of body members16, 18, thereby to effect diopter change in the lens body primarilythrough corresponding curvature changes in the contained optical liquid38.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 1-5, posterior body member 18 issubstantially flat, planar, and thus lacks any optical power. Theposterior body member is also thicker than the anterior body member insuch embodiments, whereby the degree of change in curvature of theanterior body member, expressed as distance of translation of theanterior body member perpendicular to the profile of the anterior bodymember, is substantially greater than the degree of change, if any, inthe curvature in the posterior body member. The embodiments of FIGS. 3and 6 may enable transmission of the pressure rise in the posteriorvitreous chamber to assist in changing the anterior radius of curvature,thereby increasing near focusing, namely accommodating, power.

The function of lens 10 as an accommodating lens depends primarily onthe change in shape of the lens as the act of accommodation. When thee.g. human eye tries to focus on a near object, the ciliary musclecontracts inward, pushing inward on the lens zonules, and also raisingpressure in the vitreous chamber which is behind the lens. Thecentripetal force of the contracting ciliary muscle is transmittedthrough the lens flange 14, compressing the lens body at outer perimeter27. Compressing the lens body at outer perimeter 27 shortens the radiusof curvature of the anterior body member in the embodiments of FIGS.1-6, and shortens the radius of curvature of both the anterior andposterior body members in the embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8. In all of thelens embodiments of FIGS. 1 through 8, the lens body is relativelythinner at the juncture of the anterior and posterior shells with flange14, e.g. at outer perimeter 27. In this scenario, the forces receivedfrom flanges 14 are absorbed largely in shortening the radius ofcurvature of the optical surfaces, rather than largely being absorbed intranslation of the anterior body member further away from the posteriorbody member.

This is in contrast to translation of the body members where the powerchanges depend on position in the eye and axial length of the eye. Forthis reason, the lenses of the invention offer greater diopter rangesthan lenses which operate according to translation of one or more of thelens elements.

As indicated above, with the exception of the embodiments of FIG. 9, theforce of the ciliary muscle is received at distal edges 44 of flanges14. The muscle force is transmitted through flanges 14 toward lens body12, and is received at lens body 12 at or adjacent outer perimeter 27.Such force acts, through outer perimeter 27, on the lens body tore-shape the curvature of the anterior and/or posterior body members,thus to effect change in focal length of the lens body.

Thus it is critical that the flanges, where used, have sufficientrigidity that the contraction forces of the ciliary muscle aretransmitted to the lens body in sufficient intensity to effectaccommodation of the lens body in accord with the accommodative visionneeds being expressed by the ciliary muscle.

To that end, flanges 14 can be specified in terms of thickness “T”sufficient to provide the required level of rigidity which is effectiveto transmit the ciliary muscle forces. The particular dimension ofthickness “T” depends on the rigidity of the material compositionselected for flange 14, and can be well selected by those skilled in theart.

In the alternative, the composition of the material used to make flanges14 can be different from the material used to make lens body 12. Thus,the material used to make flanges 14 can be more rigid than the materialused in making body members 16, 18, thus to achieve rigidity by materialselection.

As used herein “optical liquid ” includes gels, which might nototherwise be considered liquids, to the extent the shape of the gel masscan be readily changed by action of the ciliary muscle. Thus, “opticalliquid” does include gel compositions which have viscosity similar tothe viscosity of the lens matrix in a youthful natural eye.

The following matrix calculations are performed using the model eye andits parameters as developed by Gullstrand. The measurements are takenfrom the average distances and radii of curvature of the GullstrandModel Eye.

Radius of Curvature Translation Distances (meters) of Eye SurfacesIndices of Refraction (Meters)$\underset{\hat{}{\hat{}{\hat{}\hat{}}}}{R}:={\begin{pmatrix}0.0078 \\0.0065 \\0.009 \\0100 \\0 \\00 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0\end{pmatrix}\begin{matrix}{{Cornea}\mspace{14mu} {Exterior}} \\{{Cornea}\mspace{14mu} {Interior}} \\{{IOL}\mspace{14mu} {Anterior}} \\{{IOL}\mspace{14mu} {Posterior}} \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\;\end{matrix}}$$\underset{\hat{}{\hat{}{\hat{}\hat{}}}}{N}:={\begin{pmatrix}1.000 \\1.3771 \\1.3374 \\1.4034 \\1.336 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0\end{pmatrix}\begin{matrix}{Air} \\{Cornea} \\{Aqueous} \\{{Silicone}\mspace{14mu} {Oil}} \\{{Vitreous}\;} \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\;\end{matrix}}$ ${\begin{matrix}{Cornea} \\{{Ant}.\mspace{14mu} {Chamber}} \\{{Lens}\mspace{14mu} {Thickness}} \\{Vitreous} \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\; \\\;\end{matrix}t}:=\begin{pmatrix}0.00055 \\0.003 \\0.003 \\0.01821 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0 \\0\end{pmatrix}$

The above “R”, “N”, and “t” vectors are referenced by their respectiveindices as follows

$\begin{matrix}{{{Pc}\; 1}:=\frac{N_{1} - N_{0}}{R_{0}}} & {{Dc}:=\frac{t_{0}}{N_{1}}} & {{Vit}:=t_{3}} \\{{{Pc}\; 2}:=\frac{N_{2} - N_{1}}{R_{1}}} & {{Da}:=\frac{t_{1}}{N_{2}}} & \; \\{{{Pi}\; 2}:=\frac{N_{4} - N_{3}}{R_{3}}} & {{Di}:=\frac{t_{2}}{N_{3}}} & \;\end{matrix}$

Any lens system, including the eye, can be calculated using a series ofmultiplied matrices, with the first refracting surface, in the case ofthe invention the exterior of the cornea on the far right, followed by atranslation matrix with reduced distance Dc, then the next surface,namely the posterior cornea, right to left

${Sys}:={\begin{pmatrix}1 & {{Pi}\; 2} \\0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\{Di} & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}1 & {- {Pil}} \\0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\{Da} & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1 & {{- {Pc}}\; 2} \\0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1 & 0 \\{Dc} & 1\end{pmatrix} \cdot \begin{pmatrix}1 & {{- {Pc}}\; 1} \\0 & 1\end{pmatrix}} \rbrack}$

The basic System

Expanding this matrix into a single product matrix can provide theequation illustrated as FIG. 10.

Solving that equation for Pi1:=1,

-   -   and given the second focal point as Vit (t3), provides the        equation illustrated in FIG. 11        Find (Pi1)=18.34277 This is the refracting power of the anterior        surface of the intraocular lens.

${{Ri}\; 1}:=\frac{N_{3} - N_{2}}{18.343}$

By Snell's Law

Ri1=0.0036 Radius of anterior lens surface at rest (in meters)If the optic is 0.006 m in diameter, then the angle of arc is: α:=0 rad

Given

${\sin (\alpha)} = ( \frac{0.003}{{Ri}\; 1} )$

Find (α)=0.98591 Radians

$\frac{0.003}{0.0036} = {0.83333\mspace{14mu} {rad}}$

${0.986\mspace{14mu} \frac{180}{2 \cdot \pi}} = 28.24682$

degrees in the relaxed state

The half length on the arc 12 :=Ri1·0.986 12=0.00355 (meters,▪)or12×1000·=3.54773 mm

Suppose the lens pinches with accommodation 0.0005 meters, or 0.5 mmtotal—since the arc length has to be constant, the new angle of the halfarc is

θ:=0

Given that

$\frac{12 \cdot {\sin (\theta)}}{\theta} = 0.00275$ Find(θ) = 1.2045

The new radius is

${R\; 6}:=\frac{0.00275}{{Sin}( {1.2045 \cdot {rad}} )}$R 6 = 0.00295 ${Power}_{2}:=\frac{N_{3} - N_{2}}{R\; 6}$

-   -   Power₂=22.40785 This is the power attainable in accommodation    -   Power₂−18.3472=4.06065 This small change in curvature yields 4        diopters of accommodation

Those skilled in the art will now see that certain modifications can bemade to the apparatus and methods herein disclosed with respect to theillustrated embodiments, without departing from the spirit of theinstant invention. And while the invention has been described above withrespect to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood that theinvention is adapted to numerous rearrangements, modifications, andalterations, and all such arrangements, modifications, and alterationsare intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

To the extent the following claims use means plus function language, itis not meant to include there, or in the instant specification, anythingnot structurally equivalent to what is shown in the embodimentsdisclosed in the specification.

1-33. (canceled)
 34. An accommodating intraocular lens, comprising: (a)an optical lens body having an anterior body member and a posterior bodymember, joined to each other, said optical lens body defining a visionaxis, at least one of said anterior body member and said posterior bodymember having a generally arcuate three-dimensional outer surfaceextending away from the vision axis; (b) a cavity being defined, andenclosed between, said anterior body member and said posterior bodymember; (c) one or more compressible struts in the cavity, extendingbetween said anterior body member and said posterior body member, saidone or more struts being displaced from the vision axis and having firstand second ends, said one or more struts being configured to flex awayfrom the vision axis when the first and second ends of said one or morestruts are compressed toward each other; and (d) a bio-compatible liquidfilling in the cavity, the liquid having a refractive index greater thanthe refractive index of water.
 35. An accommodating intraocular lens asin claim 34 wherein said anterior body member has a concave innersurface and a convex outer surface and wherein said posterior bodymember has a planar, or concave or otherwise recessed inner surface. 36.An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 35 wherein said posteriorbody member is more rigid than said anterior body member, wherebyimposition of an inwardly-directed force against an outer perimeter ofsaid lens body results in deflection of said anterior body member inpreference to deflection of said posterior body member.
 37. Anaccommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34, said anterior body memberhaving inner and outer surfaces, the outer surface of said anterior bodymember defining a convex configuration, the inner surface of saidanterior body member having a corresponding concave configuration whichfollows the configuration of the outer surface, and wherein the innerand outer surfaces of said anterior body member optionally are definedby compound radii of curvature when tracked through the vision axis. 38.An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 37, each of the inner andouter surfaces of the anterior body member being defined by a singlecenter of rotation.
 39. An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim37, at least one of the inner and outer surfaces of the anterior bodymember being defined by multiple centers of rotation.
 40. Anaccommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34 wherein the composition ofsaid anterior body member and said posterior body member are selectedfrom the group consisting of optical grade silicone, polymerizedcollagen, optical elastic acrylic polymer, collamer, and combinations ofcollamer and hydroxyethyl methacrylate.
 41. An accommodating intraocularlens as in claim 34 wherein the composition of said bio-compatiblefilling liquid is selected from the group consisting of silicone oil,hyaluronic acid, and salts of hyaluronic acid.
 42. An accommodatingintraocular lens as in claim 34 wherein said bio-compatible fillingliquid has a refractive index of at least 1.35.
 43. An accommodatingintraocular lens as in claim 34 wherein said bio-compatible fillingliquid has a refractive index of at least 1.40.
 44. An accommodatingintraocular lens as in claim 34 wherein said bio-compatible fillingliquid comprises material which is birefringent, having at least firstand second refractive indices, sufficiently different from each other toprovide a distinct bifocal functionality to said intraocular lens. 45.An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34, said anterior bodymember having a generally arcuate three-dimensional outer surface. 46.An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34, said posterior bodymember having a generally arcuate three dimensional outer surface. 47.An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34, scope of vision beingassociated with the vision axis, said one or more struts being outsidethe scope of vision.
 48. An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim34, said one or more compressible struts extending 360 degrees about thevision axis.
 49. An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 34, saidone or more struts being configured to flex away from the vision axiswhen the first and second ends of said one or more struts are compressedtoward each other.
 50. An accommodating intraocular lens as in claim 48,said one or more struts comprising intermittent expression of such oneor more struts about the vision axis.
 51. An accommodating intraocularlens as in claim 34 wherein, when said lens is resident as a lensimplant in an eye having a ciliary muscle, with the ciliary muscleagainst said lens, as the ciliary muscle contracts, restorative forcesin said one or more struts push the anterior body member and theposterior body member away from each other.